Abdominal and rectal examination, in order to determine possible causes of hemorrhage.Vital signs, in order to determine the severity of bleeding and the timing of intervention.The physical examination performed by the physician concentrates on the following things: A person with upper gastrointestinal bleeding may also present with complications of anemia, including chest pain, syncope, fatigue and shortness of breath. The presentation of bleeding depends on the amount and location of hemorrhage. Persons with upper gastrointestinal bleeding often present with hematemesis, coffee ground vomiting, melena, or hematochezia (maroon-coloured stool) if the hemorrhage is severe. A 1995 UK study found an estimated mortality risk of 11% in those admitted to hospital for gastrointestinal bleeding. It represents over 50% of cases of gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding affects around 50 to 150 people per 100,000 a year. Recurrent or refractory bleeding may lead to need for surgery, although this has become uncommon as a result of improved endoscopic and medical treatment. Procedures (such as TIPS for variceal bleeding) may be used. Endoscopy is recommended within 24 hours and bleeding can be stopped by various techniques. Fluid replacement, as well as blood transfusion, may be required. Significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding is considered a medical emergency. The initial assessment includes measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate, as well as blood tests to determine the hemoglobin. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, esophageal varices, and rarer causes such as gastric cancer. Depending on the amount of the blood loss, symptoms may include shock. Blood may be observed in vomit or in altered form as black stool. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is gastrointestinal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding arising from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Hematemesis (vomiting blood), coffee ground vomiting, melena, hematochezia (maroon-coloured stool) in severe cases Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gastrorrhagia, upper GI bleed, UGI bleedĮndoscopic image of a posterior wall duodenal ulcer with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Medical condition Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
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